When toxic chemicals interact with living organisms, biochemical toxicology examines processes occurring at the cellular and molecular levels. Biochemical toxicologists study the enzymatic mechanisms, genetic control of drug metabolism, the genetic variables that produce individual differences in xenobiotic responses, drug/drug interactions, and xenobiotic bioactivation for with toxic mediators. New molecular and cellular approaches have dramatically improved our understanding of how toxic substances cause their side effects.
The science of molecular toxicology is the study of why things are harmful. Molecular toxicology is the study of the molecular mechanisms that produce the toxicity of chemicals as well as the effects of different chemical components on living beings. This branch of toxicology studies both natural and synthetic substances, as well as the influence of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors on organisms. Decades of intensive toxicology research have greatly contributed to our knowledge of the processes by characterizing metabolic activation pathways, macromolecule binding pathways, interactions with receptors, etc. Rapid breakthroughs have spurred the use of molecular biology in toxicology, and these technologies, like all branches of the biological sciences, are evolving the subject at breakneck speed. These breakthroughs present toxicologists with a unique opportunity.